Elementary mathematics were a core part of education

 

Elementary mathematics were a core part of education in many ancient  , including ancient Egypt, ancient Babylonia, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Vedic India.[citation needed] In most cases, formal education was only available to male children with sufficiently high status, wealth, or caste. The oldest known mathematics textbook is the papyrus, dated from circa 1650 BCE.

Historians of Mesopotamia have confirmed that use of the Pythagorean rule dates back to the Old Babylonian Empire and that it was being taught in scribal schools over one thousand years before the birth of Pythagoras. In Plato's division of the liberal arts into the trivium and the quadrivium, the quadrivium included the mathematical fields of arithmetic and geometry. This structure was continued in the structure of classical education that was developed in medieval Europe. The teaching of geometry was almost universally based on Euclid's Elements. Apprentices to trades such as masons, merchants, and moneylenders could expect to learn such practical mathematics as was relevant to their profession.

Illustration at the beginning of a 14th-century translation of Euclid's Elements

In the Middle Ages, the academic status of mathematics declined, because it was strongly associated with trade and commerce, and considered somewhat un-Christian. Although it continued to be taught in European universities, it was seen as subservient to the study of natural, metaphysical, and moral philosophy. The first modern arithmetic curriculum  arose at reckoning schools in Italy in the 1300s. Spreading along trade routes, these methods were designed to be used in commerce. They contrasted with Platonic math taught at universities, which was more philosophical and concerned numbers as concepts rather than calculating methods. They also contrasted with mathematical methods learned by artisan apprentices, which were specific to the tasks and tools at hand. For example, the division of a board into thirds can be accomplished with a piece of string, instead of measuring the length and using the arithmetic operation of division.

The first mathematics textbooks to be written in English and French were published by Robert , beginning with The ground of Artes in .However, there are many different writings on mathematics and mathematics methodology that date back to  BCE. These were mostly located in Mesopotamia, where the Sumerians were practicing multiplication and division. There are also artifacts demonstrating their methodology for solving equations like the quadratic equation. After the Sumerians, some of the most famous ancient works on mathematics came from Egypt in the form of the Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The more famous  Papyrus has been dated back to approximately 1650 BCE, but it is thought to be a copy of an even older scroll. This papyrus was essentially an early textbook for Egyptian students.

The social status of mathematical study was improving by the seventeenth century, with the University of Aberdeen creating a Mathematics Chair , followed by the Chair in Geometry being set up in University of Oxford in 1619 and the  Chair of Mathematics being established by the University of Cambridge .